Parliamentary Opposition in Old and New Democracies by Ludger Helms

Author:Ludger Helms [Helms, Ludger]
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9781138977952
Google: voS4DAEACAAJ
Goodreads: 29809271
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2016-01-20T11:57:54+00:00

22.

While cabinet-sponsored bills accounted for 60 per cent of bills introduced in the 64th ordinary session of the National Diet (20 Jan.–18 June 2006), cabinet-sponsored bills constituted 85 per cent of bills passed in the same session.

23.

In 2005, the number of days of both the ordinary and extraordinary sessions of the National Diet was 242 days. But the amount of time for the plenary sessions of both houses combined is 103 hours and 21 minutes! Most time was spent for committees. Furthermore, much more substantial and substantive time was spent at the committees of the governing party which parallel to those committees in both houses of the National Diet.

24.

M. Nakajima, Rippogaku [Legislative Studies] (Kyoto: Horitsu bunkasha, 2004). The figures for bills put forward and raised are taken from N. Narita, ‘Koakkai (National Diet)’, in IMIDAS (Tokyo: Shueisha, 2007), p.486; the figures for the amount of time spent for the plenary sessions of both Houses are taken from N. Narita, p.487.

25.

S. Reed, Japanese Electoral Policies (London: Routledge Curzon, 2003).

26.

M. Nakajima, Rippogaku. For the Japanese legislature, see also A. Miyoshi, ‘The Diet in Japan’, Journal of Legislative Studies, 4 (1998), pp.83–102; M. Masuyama and B. Nyblade, ‘Is the Japanese Diet Consensual?’, Journal of Legislative Studies, 11 (2004), pp.250–62. For the American and British legislatures and their changing features, see C.C. Campbell and R.H. Davidson, ‘US Congressional Committees: Changing Legislature Workshops’, Journal of Legislative Studies, 4 (1998), pp. 124–42; J.E. Owens, ‘From Committee Government to Party Government: Arranging Opportunities for Amendment Sponsors in the US House of Representatives: 1945–98’, Journal of Legislative Studies, 5 (1999), pp.75–103; P. Norton, ‘Nascent Institutionalization: Committees in the British Government’, Journal of Legislative Studies, 4 (1998), pp.143–62. The combination of the parliamentary form of government with strong parliamentary committees as found in Japan, is also typical of such parliamentary democracies as Scandinavia, Germany or Italy.

27.

Y. Sone and T. Iwai, ‘Seisaku katei ni okeru gikai no yakuwari’ [The Role of the Legislative in the Policy Process], Nempo Seiji Gaku [Annals of Political Science], 35 (1987).

28.

‘Kanryo yori jimae koho’, [LDP Candidates Better Recruited from Those Sectors Concerned than Those Bureaucratic Agencies], Asahi Shimbun, 16 Nov. 2006, p.4.

29.

Inoguchi and Iwai, Zoku giin no kenkyu.

30.

H. Takenaka, Shusho shihai [Prime Minister's Control] (Tokyo: Chuokoron shinsha, 2006).

31.

Author's interview with T. Ikenaga, Professor of Political Science at Nihon University and an expert on legislative politics, Tokyo, 24 Jan. 2007.

32.

E.S. Krauss, ‘The Mass Media and Japanese Politics: Effects and Consequences’, in S.J. Pharr and E.S. Krauss (eds.), Media and Politics in Japan (Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press, 1996), p.360; I. Kabashima, T. Takeshita and Y. Seriyama, Media to Seiji; see also the special issue of the Japanese Journal of Political Science, 8/1 (2007), on mass media and politics, edited by I. Kabashima and S. Popkin.

33.

A. Hicken and Y. Kasuya, ‘A Guide to the Constitutional Structures and Electoral Systems of East, South, and Southeast Asia’, Electoral Studies, 22 (2003), pp.121–51.

34.

S. Reed and M. Thies, ‘The Consequences of Electoral Reform in Japan’, in M. Soberg and M.P. Wattenberg (eds.

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